On March 5, 1976, something extraordinary arrived at Los Alamos National Laboratory. It weighed more than five tons , cost roughly $19 million , and looked like a piece of futuristic furniture designed by someone who understood both physics and aesthetics. It was the Cray-1, designed by legendary engineer Seymour Cray, and at the time it was the fastest computer on Earth. The machine could perform roughly 160–250 million floating-point operations per second. That number might

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For decades, electronic transistors have been the bedrock of technological progress, enabling the rapid advancement of computing power...

In the fiercely competitive world of semiconductor technology, the pursuit of smaller, more efficient chips has been relentless. The...